What Is Titanium Dioxide (E171), and Where Is It Used?

Many additives are used in packaged foods to extend shelf life and improve appearance. Titanium dioxide (E171), one such additive, has been used as a colorant in the food industry for many years. However, scientific assessments by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) raised questions about its safety. Below is an overview of what titanium dioxide is, which products it is used in, and what consumers can look for when reading labels.

EFSA's assessment
Based on its scientific assessment, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) stated that titanium dioxide (E171), when used as a colorant, raises concerns about genotoxic effects and therefore could not be considered safe. A genotoxic effect means that a substance may have the potential to damage the genetic material of cells. Following this assessment, the European Union banned titanium dioxide as a food additive in 2022. This type of review is important because it shows that rules on additives are regularly reviewed and updated when needed.

Legal status in Türkiye
In Türkiye, the use of titanium dioxide (E171) in food was banned by a 2023 regulatory amendment; since April 1, 2024, food may no longer be produced with this additive.

Which products use it?
Titanium dioxide may be used as a colorant, particularly in products such as baked goods, chewing gum, sauces, soups, and processed nuts. It is intended to make the white color of these products appear brighter and more uniform. Titanium dioxide is also widely used outside food, including in dietary supplements, creams, and toothpaste, showing that its use is not limited to the food industry. This widespread use across sectors is another reason why consumers should read labels.

What should you look for on labels?
Titanium dioxide may appear in the ingredients list of packaged products as “titanium dioxide,” under the code E171, or as “color (titanium dioxide).” Consumers who make a habit of reading labels can spot this wording and choose to limit or avoid consumption. Checking for the additive in products such as candy and chewing gum, which children often consume, is recommended as a mindful shopping habit. Ingredients are printed in small type, so read the list carefully.

How can you choose alternatives?
People who want alternatives without titanium dioxide can look for products labeled “no color additives” or “additive-free,” but these claims should also be checked carefully to confirm whether the product is actually free of additives. Some manufacturers develop alternatives using natural colorants. Choosing homemade or minimally processed foods is one of the most practical ways to reduce exposure to these additives. As consumer awareness grows, manufacturers are expected to be more transparent about additive use.